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http://www.webmedcentral.com/images/Header_Logo.giftext/html2010-09-15T17:42:14+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Giovanna TranfoMeasures of melatonin and cortisol variations in volunteers exposed to GSM cellular phones in a double blind experiment
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/634
Melatonin and cortisol are two hormones produced according to a circadian rhythm. Cortisol is secreted in pulsatile manner, while melatonin blood concentration is influenced by the daylight; both are considered as stress markers. Animal studies suggest that exposure to ELF magnetic fields and radiofrequencies may influence the secretion of melatonin and cortisol, with possible health implications. To investigate the effect to GSM 900 MHz mobile phones, twenty-six volunteers were studied during three different days but at the same time of the day: no exposure, 30 minutes of exposure to telephone A (on) and 30 minutes exposure to telephone B (modified with connection of GSM signal to an internal load, to get a sham exposure). Urine and saliva samples were collected: 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin , the urine metabolite, showed a wide individual and seasonal variability. The differences among no exposure, exposure A and B were not statistically significant for cortisol and melatonin levels determined in saliva ,(correlated to the blood levels), that therefore appear not influenced by 30 minutes exposure to mobile phones . No statistically significant effect due to cell phone exposure was found in the data both for melatonin and cortisol saliva concentration.text/html2010-10-23T08:09:46+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Mr. Vikram LoharNitrates And Associated Health Hazards
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/1067
Disease burden, in relation to environmental risk factors is generally determined by establishing the number of people affected with each outcome. This can be then converted into disability-adjusted life years, accounting for the severity and duration of each health outcome. In relation to various risk factors; the disability or the diseased state may be attributed to exposure to poor quality water, improper sanitation and atmospheric pollution. Nitrogen is the major constituent of the atmosphere which occurs in many forms e.g. elemental nitrogen, nitrates and ammonia etc. According to WHO, if concentration of nitrates in our body exceeds more than 45 mg/l then it may cause various diseases such as Methemoglobinemia, Intestinal Cancer, Thyroid problems and various problems associated with the Reproductive system etc. The major source of increase in the concentration of nitrates is use of anthropogenic sources, nitrogen cycle, oxidation of lower nitrogen oxides to nitrates by microbial processes in the soil, photochemical oxidation in the stratosphere, chemical oxidation of ammonia, human and animal waste, industrial wastes, fertilizer processing industries, septic tanks and use of nitrogen rich fertilizers for agricultural purposes that leads to increase in nitrogen content in ground water by leaching etc. To achieve the safe nitrate levels, there are various options such as to change water sources, treatment of water(drinking water) using various processes such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange or biological denitrification etc. or by chemical reduction, by reducing the use of nitrogen rich fertilizers or by making dumps and using waste water treatment plants.text/html2011-03-12T13:42:26+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Simon B ThompsonSpace Medicine. Not as we Know it. Human-computer Interaction, Night Nurses Paralysis and Space Technology
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/1749
Space is still a relatively new science; space medicine is even newer. The use of established knowledge in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) fields and in medicine is invaluable in order to progress further in space exploration. This is because sophisticated technology requires examination of its use by humans and computers. Vigilance, monitoring and interpretation of data are essential skills and need to be mapped carefully between humans and computers so that accuracy, specificity, reliability and validity is maintained.text/html2011-05-25T04:56:14+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Prof. Sunil Kumar JoshiLung Function Among Improved and Traditional Cooking Stove Users
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/1938
Introduction: Indoor air pollution is a major cause of respiratory problems in developing countries. Cooking stoves in the kitchen could be an important factor. This study compares the effect of the traditional cooking stove and the improved cooking stove on the respiratory health of women.Methods: A comparative evaluation was done among traditional cooking stove (TCS) users and improved cooking stove (ICS) users. Lung function parameters such as FEV1, FVS, PEF were measured using a portable spirometer. The findings were correlated with the type of cooking stove used.Results: Among 123 participants, 67(54.5 %) were ICS users and 56 (45.5 %) were TCS users. The mean age of TCS users was 34.7 years and that of ICS users was 32.9 years. Eleven (19.5%) TCS users and seven (12.4%) ICS users had abnormal lung function. The mean FVC was 3.25±0.46 litres for ICS users and 3.24±0.51 liters for TCS users. Likewise, FEV1 was 2.69±0.36 litres for ICS users compared to 2.61±0.46 liters for TCS users. FEV1/FVC was 0.83±0.06 for ICS users compared to 0.80±0.06 for TCS users. Overall, there was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions: There was no substantial difference in the lung function of ICS and TCS users.
text/html2012-03-21T18:22:44+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Koffi BadjagboPotential of Breath Analysis: From Environmental Exposure Assessment to Medical Diagnosis
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3174
Exhaled breath analysis is becoming one of the desirable strategies for environmental exposure assessment as well as for clinical diagnosis because it provides a relatively inexpensive, rapid, and noninvasive monitoring method. The presence of specific compounds in a human breath can indicate a recent exposure to pollutants or a disease state of the individual. Breath analysis has attracted a considerable amount of scientific and clinical interest over the past decade. This review describes the potential applications of human breath analysis, including monitoring of environmental exposure to pollutants and clinical diagnosis of diseases, with particular attention to exogenous volatile compounds and endogenous volatile biomarkers.text/html2012-12-21T10:51:13+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Jacob M PuliyelMerchants and Mercenaries: The Lost Maya Civilization
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3904
Between 1 December and 5 December in Cancun Mexico – the heart of Maya land, Zing Conferences organized the Mathematical and Computational Medicine Conference 2012. (1,2) In the spirit of the Christmas Issue of the WebMedCentral, it is appropriate that I write about the venue and the perspective it provided for a congress on Mathematical and Computational Medicine, that I do not discuss the computational problems in understanding the three dimensional configuration of proteins or the human genome but rather discuss the mathematical genius of the Maya civilization. December 21, 2012 marks the end of the Maya calendar. Predictions of apocalypse are rife. (3) We have it on the authority of the National Geographic News that long before the end of their calendar, climate change snuffed out the Maya civilization. (4) The Maya ‘Long Count’ is an astronomical calendar which was used to track periods of time called the “universal cycle”. (5) Each such cycle is calculated to be 2,880,000 days (about 7885 solar years). According to the most common conversion, this calendar - the ‘Great Cycle’, started on August 11, 3114 BC of the Gregorian calendar. The end of the great cycle corresponds to December 21, 2012. To the Maya this is merely the start of a new calendar, a more enlightened era, rather than the end of the world. (6)Maya culture existed from over 2000 years before Christ (BC). They cultivated maize, beans, squash and chilly and domesticated turkey and dogs. Their land was made mostly of limestone. This was useful as building block for their pyramids and provided good quality mortar to cement the stones firmly. They built a plethora of beautiful stepped pyramids and huge stadium for their games. They used paper made from bark. They had a well developed hieroglyphic writing system and devised a vigesimal counting system based on groups of 20. Maya cities reached their peak between c. AD 250 to 900 but even after that, they continued to thrive till the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. (7) Not withstanding what climate change may have done, (4) what pushed them over the edge were the Spanish conquistadores. Did the National Geographic say the Maya civilization was extinct? It is true that there are few Maya people in the front lobbies of the five star resorts where big conferences are held. They have been banished from here but they are by no means extinct. Today there are about 6 million people who speak one of the Maya languages as their primary language. (8) About 5 feet tall, with lightly oblique eyes, small nose and salient cheek bones they share a distant resemblance to people from Mongolia. Their newborn children often have slate gray bruise-like birthmarks often on the back called Mongolian spots. They have ancient last names like Chan, Chi, Hau and Xiu. They are seen very often selling masks and trinkets at tourist sites in Cancun. They are very much in existence but only a shell of their former selves.The Spanish invaders were attracted by the potential for finding gold in the territory. Ironically, much of the gold the Mayan women wore was probably pillaged from earlier shipwrecks of European expeditions which sank on hitting the reef that protected this beautiful land. Once the Spanish had penetrated these natural barriers and landed ashore with their guns, the locals were no match for their firepower. With the fervor of crusaders the Spanish demolished the huge ‘pagan’ pyramids and used the stones to make cathedrals. Subjugation of the Maya people was completed with the burning of the ‘pagan books’ and with it the knowledge of Maya writing. Only 3 of the books survived and are found today in European libraries in Madrid, Paris and Dresden. (9) The Maya retreated into the forests completely dispossessed, deprived of their homes, their rights, their heritage and learning.The Spanish found no gold in the land that was made of limestone. But they proved to be alchemists who made gold from a thriving business in selling of captured Maya as slaves to Cuba, (10) and exporting sisal fiber for making rope needed for seafarers. (11) The memory of the Maya civilization was effectively and quickly erased. It was rediscovered in the late 18th century, when a few abandoned but surviving pyramids were found in the overgrown forests. (12)The hieroglyphics was translated. The Mayan calendar was understood. Their genius was recognized. Inscriptions showed the Maya working with sums up to the hundreds of millions and dates so large it would take several lines just to represent it. They produced extremely accurate astronomical observations; their charts of the movements of the moon and planets are equal or superior to those of any other civilization working from naked eye observation. (13)What is remarkable is that a few bigots and mercenaries nearly erased the memory of this race by simply burning their books in the 16th century. In this age of the internet we assume this will never happen again. Bigots are however attempting it all the time. Recently in India 2 college girls were arrested for a facebook posting where they objected to the shut down of Bombay because of the death of a political leader. The orthopedic clinic of one of the girl’s uncle was ransacked and vandalized. (14) In another instance the credit card company, Visa, tried to choke off support and donations to Julian Assange's whistle blowing site. (15)
Man has little respect for learning or of the rights of others. Self interest and the profit motive always triumphs. The Maya were right about the cycles of life, but perhaps not so right in their optimism that the new era will be more enlightened than the past. Selfish interests seem set to triumph into the next era too. It is interesting that the Zing Conference 2012 abstracts were not published; for fear that making the work freely accessible may somehow erode its commercial potential.text/html2014-03-10T05:16:35+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Robert J ReynoldsRadiation Dosimetry in Space: A Systematic Review
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4578
This article presents the results of a systematic literature review to locate peer-reviewed journal articles that offer equivalent or absorbed radiation dose measurements for locations in outer space.
The review utilized three separate keyword searches, one using MEDLINE and 2 using Google Scholar. The queries returned a total of 3,779 potential source documents, 819 of which were screened for inclusion. The final article set contained 43 articles.
The articles were all in English though they were contributed by authors from 10 different nations. The United States was the most frequent contributor followed by Germany. The articles provided data from every manned US space program except Project Mercury, as well as from 3 Soviet space stations.
The article pool displayed recency in publication, with a majority of the articles published in 1990 or later. It is speculated that this is due to a preference for reporting results in technical reports and conference abstracts in the 1960s and 1970s. The shift from research conducted by contractors to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to partnerships with civilian scientists at universities may be responsible for the increased frequency of publication in peer-reviewed journals.
The collection of articles provides more than 550 dose measurements for spacecraft and extra-vehicular activity in 42 combinations of inclination and altitude in low Earth orbit. The articles also provide 57 measurements for lunar missions. The most often sampled locations were those that had space stations, followed by measurements taken aboard the Gemini capsules and the Space Shuttle fleet.
This review demonstrates that dosimetric data exist in sufficient abundance that they might be further synthesized into useful dose estimation models and tools. Such tools could be of great utility in mission planning and epidemiological studies of the effects of space radiation on human health.text/html2020-12-03T07:29:22+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Deepak GuptaDoes Being Child-Free While Dying-Mean To Eventually Eco-Decompose Preemptively Palliate The Climate Emergency?
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/5669
It is my opinion that the Climate Emergency as humanity’s precipice warrants resourceful adaptations in environmental activism by inventing public opinion rather than investigating public opinion if it wants to emulate the sweeping success of political conservatism globally [1-3]. We have always talked about preventive management and recently lapped up to promoting curative management [4-5]. However, if the Climate Emergency becomes incurable, we must prepare for palliative (care) management to guide the resilient ones to outlive it and for terminal (care) management to comfort others who will fail to survive.
It is my opinion that one method for preemptive palliation may be about practicing and promoting being child-free (voluntary childlessness) [6-7]. Voluntary childlessness is not a new normal [8]. It just reinvents multi-thousand-year-old normal whereby globally, spiritualism often advocates the practice of celibacy. By utilizing modern-age methods and activities, voluntary childlessness allows even the fragile commoners to stride on the path of this “environmentalism” which has been treaded only by the resolute spiritualists historically due to the absent provisions for contraception unless renouncing pleasure [9].
Voluntary childlessness will only be palliative and NOT preventative in terms of the Climate Emergency because universal childlessness meaning human extinction will never happen as it must never be the intended target of voluntary childlessness [10]. As analogous to planned grazing [11], planned childlessness will and must always remain limited to the altruist generations who will selectively and voluntarily choose to practice it on rotation cycles so that the environmental costs to arrange palliation for the child-bearing generations will remain manageable considering that selectively and voluntarily overcoming the innate instinct to reproduce so as to survive through descendants has been made possible as well as easier by the advent and acceptance of modern contraceptive methods and virtual pleasure activities.
Concurrently, focus on voluntary childlessness may warrant humanity to align global strategies towards productive qualitative living instead of prolonged quantitative living. Herein, it is my opinion that developing consensus for accepting dying-mean via Vanaprastha-Sannyasa may come in handy as a method complementing the preemptive palliation’s reach of being child-free. Essentially, Vanaprastha-Sannyasa (Retired-Renounced Life) [12-13], an Eastern ideology, can be explained to those at the dusk of life who can then consider voluntarily volunteering to live their remaining life by the principles of underconsumption till they naturally meet their ends while neither shortening their lives artificially materialistically nor prolonging their lives artificially materialistically. Regarding man-made systems of economy, voluntarily planned and practiced child-free and dying-mean way of life may have the potential to create less debts for the future generations to repay unless future generations themselves get so much downsized that already dwindling debts still end up overwhelming them forcing them to realign and rectify their fertility as well as consumption strategies once again during their times according to the needs of their times.
It is ironical that the unresolvable core question is what the appropriate longevity is [14]. It is my opinion that one primarily lives long to immortality through one’s descendants’ generations and thus living long in itself without generating descendants may turn out to be immaterial unless one begins counting one’s legacy to outlive oneself through other fellow beings' descendants’ generations creating immortality for one’s legacy though not for one’s genes [15]. Metaphorically, when comparing 4x100m relay race with 400m race, one realizes that one as a team of four clocks faster time in 4x100m relay race as compared to when one is running 400m race alone thus providing the faster turnover of shorter spanned generations for the genes’ regenerating immortality in the relayed races as compared to loners’ potentially dead-end generations with dead-end to immortality therein. This may be how simpler organisms’ regenerative systems may be getting benefitted in terms of longevity for their species even though sometimes individual organisms’ lives may appear to be much shorter spanned from individualistic perspectives [16]. Again, it is ironical that humanity will eternally face the dilemma how to consciously choose and empathetically balance individuals’ longevity with species’ longevity with environments’ longevity.
To complete the thought, lessons can be drawn from an anciently and historically known mythological character from the East, Bhishma, who voluntarily vowed to be child-free for life for the sake of others’ descendants and was in return blessed by others to dying-mean in his own time chosen at his own discretion so as to exemplify the difficult and yet attainable path for future generations if they choose to understand why to do so [17]. Further completing the thought by taking (borrowing) pages from the Eastern theological figures’ mythological sagas depicting reincarnating cycle of life while donating (from) bodies after death to eco-friendly decompositions [18-21], those voluntarily practicing being child-free and deciding to dying-mean can choose to make their wishes known to their heirs about having eco-friendly decomposition methods for their bodies after their deaths [22], like “Recompose” being the method of natural organic reduction which has been recently legalized (effective May 2020) in the State of Washington State in the United States [23-26].
Summarily, it is my opinion that while working for prevention and cure of the Climate Emergency, humanity should ready itself for its palliation and terminal care as well. Herein, being child-free to eventually dying-mean while returning “dust to dust” with eco-decompose may appear to be one of the most humane methods to control the environmental burden of humanity, overwhelming the imminent Climate Emergency.text/html2022-10-23T02:05:25+01:00http://www.webmedcentral.com/Dr. Deepak GuptaDigital Devices In Our Pockets â?? Creating More-Heat Or Preventing Heat-Loss: A Worth Investigating Phenomenon
http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/5803
Some of us always have funny feelings and inexplicable discomfort when our digital devices are held for too long and too near to our bodies [1-7]. Despite objectively measuring strengths of digital devices’ electric and magnetic fields via personal or industrial meters [8], this may not be experienced and thus not understood by others who may not want to be distracted during their own digital device usage by trying to understand someone else’s experiences with their own digital devices. Still, those who are experiencing inexplicable phenomena may find it worth sharing with global researcher population and leave it up to them whether they can get inspired to plan future research systematically investigating into these inexplicable experiences.
Figure 1 [9] depicts temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) changes with areas under curve (AUC-T and AUC-RH) over six-hours per Hygrochron iButton DS1923 (OnSolution Proprietary Limited, New South Wales, Australia [10]) with changed pocket site within non-scrub clothes and changed forms of digital device (iPhone 13 Pro Max [11] and SafeSleeve Antimicrobial protection case [12]) in the pocket
RIGHT CHEST FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 1-360 SPANNING 90-MINUTE DURATION
Empty Pocket during time points 1-60 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1527; AUC-RH=2190]
Only Case In Pocket during time points 61-120 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1655; AUC-RH=2170]
iPhone Shut Off In Pocket during time points 121-180 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1631; AUC-RH=2158]
iPhone Powered On In Pocket during time points 181-240 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1695; AUC-RH=2416]
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 241-300 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1689; AUC-RH=2172]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 301-360 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1795; AUC-RH=2280]
LEFT CHEST FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 361-720 SPANNING 90-MINUTE DURATION
Empty Pocket during time points 361-420 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1709; AUC-RH=1967]
Only Case In Pocket during time points 421-480 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1642; AUC-RH=2114]
iPhone Shut Off In Pocket during time points 481-540 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1757; AUC-RH=2152]
iPhone Powered On In Pocket during time points 541-600 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1744; AUC-RH=2055]
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 601-660 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1796; AUC-RH=2139]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 661-720 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1810; AUC-RH=1860]
LEFT THIGH FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 721-1080 SPANNING 90-MINUTE DURATION
Empty Pocket during time points 721-780 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1835; AUC-RH=2089]
Only Case In Pocket during time points 781-840 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1818; AUC-RH=2269]
iPhone Shut Off In Pocket during time points 841-900 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1740; AUC-RH=2208]
iPhone Powered On In Pocket during time points 901-960 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1841; AUC-RH=2561]
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 961-1020 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1886; AUC-RH=2675]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 1021-1080 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1872; AUC-RH=2678]
RIGHT LOWER ABDOMINAL QUADRANT FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 1081-1440 SPANNING 90-MINUTE DURATION
Empty Pocket during time points 1081-1140 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1855; AUC-RH=1945]
Only Case In Pocket during time points 1141-1200 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1973; AUC-RH=2018]
iPhone Shut Off In Pocket during time points 1201-1260 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1921; AUC-RH=2310]
iPhone Powered On In Pocket during time points 1261-1320 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1955; AUC-RH=2470]
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 1321-1380 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1987; AUC-RH=2910]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 1381-1440 spanning 15-minute duration [AUC-T=1901; AUC-RH=2731]
Figure 2 [13] depicts temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) changes with areas under curve (AUC-T and AUC-RH) over five-hours per Hygrochron iButton DS1923 (OnSolution Proprietary Limited, New South Wales, Australia) with changed pocket site within scrubs plus personal protective equipment and changed forms of digital device (iPhone 13 Pro Max with or without SafeSleeve Antimicrobial protection case and Amazon Kindle 10th Generation [14]) in the pocket
RIGHT CHEST FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 1-120 SPANNING 60-MINUTE DURATION
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 1-60 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=1872; AUC-RH=2763]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 61-120 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=1972; AUC-RH=2339]
LEFT CHEST FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 121-240 SPANNING 60-MINUTE DURATION
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 121-180 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=2016; AUC-RH=1955]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 181-240 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=1997; AUC-RH=2025]
LEFT THIGH FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 241-360 SPANNING 60-MINUTE DURATION
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 241-300 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=2000; AUC-RH=2295]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 301-360 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=1972; AUC-RH=2284]
RIGHT LOWER ABDOMINAL QUADRANT FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 361-480 SPANNING 60-MINUTE DURATION
iPhone Shut Off Within Case In Pocket during time points 361-420 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=2005; AUC-RH=2290]
iPhone Powered On Within Case In Pocket during time points 421-480 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=2025; AUC-RH=2494]
LEFT THIGH FRONT POCKET USED DURING TIME POINTS 481-600 SPANNING 60-MINUTE DURATION
Kindle Shut Off In Pocket during time points 481-540 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=1787; AUC-RH=2915]
Kindle Powered On In Pocket during time points 541-600 spanning 30-minute duration [AUC-T=1889; AUC-RH=2679]
Three things come to light based on Figure 1 [9] and Figure 2 [13] and calculations therein:
As compared to with non-scrub clothes wherein temperatures fluctuated above and below 30 degrees Celsius, scrubs plus personal protective equipment kept temperatures across the board above 30 degrees Celsius.
As compared to that for empty pocket, calculated area under curve for 15-minute-recorded temperature under non-scrub clothes consistently increased when iPhone 13 Pro Max (within SafeSleeve Antimicrobial protection case) was powered on across all four pocket sites (right chest, left chest, left thigh and right lower abdominal quadrant) which was significantly different among the four pocket sites (P=0.0108 per Chi-Square Test: 2x4 contingency table [15]).
As compared to that for empty pocket, calculated area under curve for 15-minute-recorded relative humidity under non-scrub clothes consistently increased when iPhone 13 Pro Max (without SafeSleeve Antimicrobial protection case) was powered on across all four pocket sites (right chest, left chest, left thigh and right lower abdominal quadrant) which was significantly different among the four pocket sites (P< 0.0001 per Chi-Square Test: 2x4 contingency table).
Summarily, if the figures [9, 13] can inspire global researchers, it may be worthwhile to systematically investigate whether our always powered on digital devices within or without their cases are differentially creating more heat or preventing heat-loss [16-18] and thereafter changing temperature and relative humidity locally thus inducing funny feelings and inexplicable discomfort therein when kept within our pockets near our various anatomical sites.