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By Dr. Mahdi Esmaeilzadeh , Dr. Fariba Kazemzadeh
Corresponding Author Dr. Mahdi Esmaeilzadeh
Department of Basice Science, Esfarayen Branch, Islamic Azad University,, - Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Submitting Author Dr. Mahdi Esmaeilzadeh
Other Authors Dr. Fariba Kazemzadeh
Department of Basice Science,Esfarayen Branch,Islamic Azad University, Esfarayen, Iran, - Iran (Islamic Republic of)

MEDICAL EDUCATION

Mamatical Sciences, Fuzzy Biology, Assessment of Growth and Health

Esmaeilzadeh M, Kazemzadeh F. The Role of Fuzzy Biology and Matematical Science in Research and Education in Health System. WebmedCentral MEDICAL EDUCATION 2012;3(1):WMC002946
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2012.002946

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
No
Submitted on: 29 Jan 2012 10:39:03 AM GMT
Published on: 31 Jan 2012 03:38:44 PM GMT

Abstract


According to the importance of understanding modern biology, powerful countries in the world have done substantial planning and investment for education and research in health systems in the next decade. In this regard, fuzzy biology and matematical science for this research, is crucial.
This cross sectional analytical study was done randomly on 137 people from Shirvan (North Khorasan, Iran) with normal face patterns. Facial and cranial ratios was estimated and compared. Data analyzed by SPSS software. The regression line and the growth coefficient were determined for each Parameter. Finally, the mean values of these parameters were determined. Student-t test was used for comparing the measured values.
Iranian population at birth have hypereuryprosopic Face and hypercephalic Cranium form. While getting older, the midface height increases, face becomes more prominent, chin becomes shorter and Face and Cranium change to Eurycephalic and hyperleptoprosopic form respectively.

Introduction


Anthropometry is the biological science of human body measurement. Anthropometry is applied in medical profession such as maxillofacial surgery, growth and development studies, plastic surgery, bioengineering and non-medical branches such as like shoe-making and eye-glasses industries(1).
As a part of physical anthropology, anthropometry measures and examines linear and angular skeletal dimensions on living individuals (2). Understanding anthropometric parameters of face and cranium gives researchers and clinicians considerable insight into craniofacial growth and development which, in turn, has many practical applications including classification, diagnosis and treatment of craniofacial anomalies (3,4), correction of craniofacial deformities using maxillofacial and plastic surgical methods and forensic medicine. By finding the mean value of anthropometric parameters in normal samples of a population, it is possible to create a template for facial analysis of this specific population (5).
As anthropometric and cephalometric parameters vary considerably depending on age, sex, geographical habitat and racial and ethnic backgrounds of human beings (6,7), each anthropometric study should be conducted on a particular and predetermined age range(8), sex or racial group (9,10).
The aim of this study was to assessment of growth and health in Iranian Baluch population using fuzzy biology and matematical science.

Methods


This cross sectional analytical study was done randomly on 137 people from Shirvan (North Khorasan, Iran) with normal face patterns. Facial and cranial ratios was estimated and compared. Data analyzed by SPSS software. The regression line and the growth coefficient were determined for each Parameter. Finally, the mean values of these parameters were determined. Student-t test was used for comparing the measured values.
Thirteen following measurements were taken in this study:
1. The width of the nose or Alare width (al-al)
2. The width of the mouth or the distance between Cheilion points (ch-ch)
3. Intercanthal width or the distance between left and right Endocanthion points (en-en)
4. Biocular width or the distance between left and right Exocanthion points (ex-ex)
5. Forehead width or the distance between soft tissue Frontotemporale points (ft'-ft')
6. Intergonial width or the distance between left and right soft tissue Gonion points (go'-go')
7. Facial height or the distance between soft tissue Nasion and Gnathion (n'-gn')
8. The height of the nose or the distance between soft tissue Nasion and Subansal points (n'-sn)
9. The depth of the upper third of face or the distance between Tragion and soft tissue Glabella (t-g')
10. The depth of the lower third of face or the distance between Tragion and soft tissue Gnathion (t-gn')
11. The depth of the middle third of face or the distance between Tragion and Subnasal points (t-sn)
12. Cranial base width or the distance between Tragion points (t-t)
13. Facial width or the distance between soft tissue Zygion points (zy'-zy')
Cephalo-facial ratios were estimated and compared .Data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and linear regression models of the SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Il, USA).

Results


Shirvanian population at birth have hypereuryprosopic Face and hypercephalic Cranium form. While getting older, the midface height increases, face becomes more prominent, chin becomes shorter and Face and Cranium change to Eurycephalic and hyperleptoprosopic form respectively. As each racial and ethnic group possesses its own specific facial and cranial form which changes by age as well, to determine the anthropometric standards, it is essential to specify that anthropometric parameters are determined among which ethnic group and in which age range. The aim of our study was to measure 13 anthropometric parameters on facial frontal images of 564 four-to-eleven-year-old girls of Fars ethnic origin to determine and predict growth-related changes in this age range.
As body grows by age, facial height increases more than facial width. Thus, nasal cavities length progressively increases to facilitate air flow to expanding lungs. We found faster growth rate in facial height compared to width.
Being able to predict an individual's facial form at different ages has many practical applications. For instance, in forensic medicine, by analyzing a picture of a kidnapped child, the experts can guess how his /her facial form is after many years. Based on our and other researchers' findings and by using artificial intelligence technology, computer programs can be designed to reconstruct facial forms of the individuals from a specific ethnicity at different ages.

Discussion and Conclusion(s)


Based on our findings in his study using fuzzy biology, we concluded that:
1. By age, craniofacial dimensions change at different rates.
2. Different craniofacial dimensions do not grow at consistent rates. Some parts grow slower compared to others.
3. The intercanthal width has the slowest growth.
4. Facial height shows the fastest growth.
5. Using linear regression equations, at any age, each craniofacial dimension can easily be determined.

References


1. Chamella Mariclode. Biological anthropology. Translated to Persian by Naderi A. 1st Ed. Tehran Gostar Publisher.1997;P:57-114.
2. Ainsowrth H. Numerical evaluation of facial pattern in children with isolated pulmonary stenosis. Arch Dis Child 1979;54(9):62-9.
3. Narayanan Ramanathan, Rama Chellappa. Modeling age progression in young faces. University of Maryland West Point 2006; 31(3):387-394.
4. Williams PL, Dyson M, Dussak JE, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, et al. Skeletal system in Gray's anatomy. 38th Ed. London. Elbs with Churchill Livingston 1995. p: 607-612.
5. Afak SY, Turgut HB. Weight, head and face measurements in Turkish newborns of central Anatolia. Gazi Medical Journal 1998;9:116-20.
6. Porter J. The average African American male face: an anthropometric analysis. Arch Facial Surg 2004;6:78-81.
7. Choeks K, Sclafani A, Litner J, et al. The Korean American woman's face: anthropometric measurements and quantitative analysis of facial aesthetics. Arch Facial Plats Surg 2004;6:244-52.
8. Farkas LG, Katic MJ , Katic MJ , et al. International anthropometric study of facial morphometry in various ethnic groups/ races. Craniofac Surg 2005; 16(4):615-46
9. Buretic-Toljanovic A, Giacometti J, Ostojic S, Kapovic M. Sex-specific differences of craniofacial traits in Croatia: the impact of environment in a small geographic area. Ann Hum Biol 2007;34(3):296-314.
10. Baral P, Lobo SW, Menezes RG,et al. An anthropometric study of facial height among four endogamous communities in the Sunsari district of Nepal. Singapore Med J. 2010 Mar;51(3):212-5.

Source(s) of Funding


none

Competing Interests


none

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