Abstract
Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is an occasional growth of the anterior region of mandible and accounts for 3.1% of all oral tumors and 9.6% of the gingival lesions. About 60% of these tumors occur in maxilla and more than 50% of all cases of maxillary POF are found in the incisors and canine areas. A male of 45 years of age had growth arising in the mandibular right posterior region. In this age group and in mandibular posterior quadrant, POF is very occasional and has not so far been reported in the literature.
Introduction
Benign fibrous overgrowths arising from the mucous membrane are termed as fibromas and are frequent growths in the oral cavity.1 Many of the fibrous growths originate from underneath the periodontium, similar to peripheral ossifying fibroma. Peripheral ossifying fibroma is an occasional growth of the anterior region of mandible and accounts for 3.1% of all oral tumors and 9.6% of the gingival lesions. About 60% of these tumors occur in maxilla and more than 50% of all cases of maxillary POF are found in the incisors and canine areas.2 A male of 45 years of age had growth arising in the mandibular right posterior region. In this age group and in mandibular posterior quadrant, POF is very occasional and has not so far been reported in the literature.
Case Report
A non-smoker male, aged 45 years, reported with a moderately large growth in the mandibular posterior region. Medical history was insignificant. The patient was from low socioeconomic class.
History revealed that a small nodule appeared 6 months ago, which was painless. On examination, the patient’s lips were incompetent. Oral hygiene was considerably poor, which may be due to poor oral hygiene awareness, since oral hygiene is inversely related to socioeconomic class. There was a pale pink oval swelling in the mandibular right first molar region. The surface was smooth, with no ulceration. The growth measured 3× 3.0 cm in size and was extending out from buccal gingiva. The growth was considerably hard in consistency, sessile and not easily movable. CT scan was already with him that shows calcification within the lesion. Clinical appearance and consistency was of a hard fibrous growth, which therefore led to a provisional diagnosis of peripheral calcifying fibroma or peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POdF). Consent for the surgical procedure was obtained from the patient after proper counseling. Under general anesthesia as he was not ready for surgery under local anaesthesia, the whole growth was excised and the underlying surface was thoroughly curetted up to deepest possible tissue and extraction of first molar (mobile) was done. After controlling bleeding, periodontal dressing was applied. The patient was discharged next day with prescription of antibiotics, analgesics and chlorhexidine mouth wash. The report revealed an over growth of fibrous tissue. The connective tissue of the growth comprised of bundles of collagen fibers in a cellular stroma. Numerous plumps to spindle shaped fibroblasts and fibrocytes were present. These cells were also arranged in a whirl shaped around irregular mineralization foci in the center. Few blood vessels with RBC and proliferating endothelial cells were also evident. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate was seen evenly distributed in whole area and the cells comprised mainly of lymphocytes and plasma cells. The calcified areas resembled cementum-like and bone-like ossifying areas. Few blood vessels with RBC and proliferating endothelial cells were also evident. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate was seen evenly distributed in the whole area and the cells comprised mainly lymphocytes and plasma cells. The overlying epithelium was hyperplastic parakeratotic stratified squamous epithelium showing numerous elongated rete ridges. Clinical assessment and histopathologic report confirmed and established the diagnosis as POF.
Discussion
In oral cavity periodontium can show different types of focal overgrowths. These lesions arise due to overgrowth and proliferation of different components of connective tissue in periodontium, i.e. the fibers, bone, cementum, blood vessel or any particular type of cell.3 The lexicon of focal proliferative lesions commonly occurring on gingival tissue includes fibroma, giant cell fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, POF and POdF. Most of these lesions are reactive chronic inflammatory hyperplasias, with minor trauma or chronic irritation being the etiologic factors.4 The nomenclature of these lesions is done in such a way so as to highlight the difference in nature of growth, location of growth, origin and the dominant proliferating histological component/cells in the lesion. The lesions which are present intraosseously are termed as “central lesions”, whereas their extraosseous counterparts or the lesions which appear on outer soft tissue (e.g. gingiva) are termed “peripheral lesions”. Also, a lesion may arise due to inflammation because of a stimulus and is called as a “reactive lesion” or it can be truly “neoplastic” where it is classified as a benign or a malignant neoplasm.5
The term POF was coined by Eversole and Robin. It occurs exclusively on gingiva. It is a relatively common growth of gingiva and is considered to be reactive in nature rather than neoplastic. POF is characterized by a high degree of cellularity usually exhibiting bone formation, although occasionally, cementum-like material or dystrophic calcification may also be found. As the lesion occurs only on gingiva and is supposed to be derived from periodontal ligaments, some authorities believed the lesion to be odontogenic in origin. Presently, the origin and pathogenesis of the lesion is unknown. However, due to their clinical and histopathologic similarity, it is considered that at least some cases of POF may arise as a result of maturation of a long-standing pyogenic granuloma. The mineralized product in POF probably has its origin from cells of periosteum or periodontal ligament. The POF has a peak incidence in young and teenaged females.
Cundiff reported that the lesion is prevalent between ages of 5 and 25 years, with a peak incidence at 13 years of age. Cundiff also reported a definite female predilection. Female to male ratio may vary from 2:1 to 3:2. The site of occurrence of POF is usually anterior to molars in both maxilla and mandible equally and in more than 50% of cases in the incisor, and cuspid regions.6 Clinically, the lesion appears as a nodular mass which may be pedunculated or sessile, pink to red in color and surface is usually but not always ulcerated.7 In the present case also, the lesion occurred in a middle-aged male in mandibular posterior region and appeared as a nodular pale to pink growth without ulceration. Histopathologically, the lesion shows stratified squamous epithelium covering an exceedingly cellular mass of connective tissue made up of plump fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fibrillar stroma and areas of mineralization with multinucleated giant cells near them in some cases.8 The mineralization may consist of bone, cementum-like material or dystrophic calcifications. The dystrophic calcifications are usually seen in early, ulcerated lesions, whereas the older, mature, non-ulcerated lesions show well-formed bone and cementum-like material, as was evident in the present case also.
The clinical differential diagnosis of POF includes all the nodular lesions which occur on gingiva (as mentioned before). Histopathologically, it is very important to understand the difference between the similar sounding lesions, i.e. POF, POdF, central ossifying fibroma (COF) and central odontogenic fibroma (COdF). Despite of similarity in terminology, POF is a completely distinct entity from POdF and COF. The POF, representing a reactive benign lesion of connective tissue, is not the soft tissue counterpart (or related anyhow) to central ossifying fibroma which represents an osteogenic neoplasm. Similarly, the reactive lesion POF is completely different from POdF which is in fact a neoplasm of odontogenic ectomesenchyme with included odontogenic epithelium. As opposite to POF and COF, the POdF does represent the extraosseous counterpart of the COdF and is related to it.
Conclusion
The POF represents a reactive benign lesion of connective tissue and is not the soft tissue counterpart of ossifying fibroma (COF) and is also not related anyhow to POdF. It occurs frequently in anterior part of jaws of young females, exclusively on gingiva. The accepted treatment protocol includes surgical excision followed by histopathologic evaluation and follow-up.
References
1. RajendranR, Sivapathasundhram B. Shafer’s textbook of Oral Pathology. 6th edition Noida, India: Elsevier; 2009. p.128.
2. Vaishali K, Raghavendra B, Nishit S. Peripheral ossifying fibroma. J Indian Acad Oral Med Pathol 2008; 20:54-6.
3. Eversole LR, Robin S. Reactive lesions of gingival. J Oral Pathol 1972; 1:30-8.
4. Fausto KA, Robbins and Cotran. Pathologic basis of disease. 7th edition. Philadelphia: W B Saunders; 2008.p.775-6.
5. Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2nd edition. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2005.p.563-4.
6. Condiff EJ. Peripheral ossifying fibroma: A review of 365 cases. USA: MSD thesis Indiana University; 1972.
7. Breannon RB, Flower CB. Benign fibro-osseous lesions: a current review of concepts. Adv anat pathol 2001:8; 126-43.
8. Waldron CA. Fibro-osseous lesions of jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993:51;828-35.
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