Research articles
 

By Mr. Rajeev K Singla , Mr. Hitesh Jagani
Corresponding Author Mr. Rajeev K Singla
Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology(University of Delhi), Azad Hind Fau, - India
Submitting Author Mr. Rajeev K Singla
Other Authors Mr. Hitesh Jagani
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Univ, - India

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Cocos nucifera; Endocarp; Dry Distillation; Antibacterial Activity; Antifungal Activity; Medicinal Plants.

Singla RK, Jagani H. Investigation of Antimicrobial Effect of Dry Distilled Extract of Cocos Nucifera Linn Endocarp. WebmedCentral PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2012;3(8):WMC003671
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2012.003671

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
No
Submitted on: 27 Aug 2012 09:23:21 AM GMT
Published on: 27 Aug 2012 04:35:12 PM GMT

Abstract


Endocarp of C. nucifera L.(Coconut fruit), a universally acceptable waste material is the plant part for our study. Dry distilled extract, RNDS, was prepared using the special procedure adopted by our lab. It was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity using Kirby bauer agar diffusion assay technique.  In gram negative- P. aeruginosa & E. coli strains were used and in gram positive – S. aureus & B. subtilis were used, while four fungal strains like A. oryzae, C. albicans, R. oligosporus and A. flavus were part of current study. Results revealed that RNDS is expressing potential growth inhibition of B. subtilis and Aspergillus species. It was inactive against R. oligosporus at all concentrations.  

Introduction


Herbal Medicine also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine refers using plant’s seeds, berries, roots, leaves, stems, bark or flowers for medicinal purposes. The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization [1-3].Herbal Products are gaining progressively attention due to less toxicity and high efficacy against free radical mediated diseases[4]. Indian folk medicine comprises of numerous prescriptions for therapeutic purposes such a healing of wounds, inflammation, skin infections, leprosy, diarrhea, scabies, venereal diseases ulcers, snakebite etc[5-21]. C. nucifera L., a plant of family Arecaceae, commonly known in the world as Coconut. Endocarp of cocos nucifera was supposed to be the hardest part of the its fruit,but ironically richest source of phenolic and flavanoid content. Scientific data has been found as evident for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, vasorelaxant, antihypertensive of cocos nucifera endocarp[1-2, 10]. Dry distilled extract, RNDS, have significant total phenolic content and total flavanoid content. Till date, we had only used the clinical strains(Bacterial & fungal) to evaluate the growth inhibitory effects of RNDS, and results revealed that RNDS in inactive against all used clinical strains[2]. In the current study, we had taken the standard strains of bacterial and fungal species in consideration.

Materials & Methods


Collection & Authentication of Plant Material

Endocarps of C. nucifera Linn were collected from Kota village in Udupi district in the southwest part of Karnataka(India) and authenticated by Dr. Gopal krishna Bhat, Emeritus Professor, Department of Botany, Poorna Pragna College, Udupi, Karnataka, India. Voucher specimen were preserved for the future reference.

Preparation of Dry Distilled Extract (RNDS)

RNDS was prepared according to the standard procedure adopted by our lab[2].

Microorganisms Used

In bacterial strains, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus were used while A. oryzae, C. albicans, R. oligosporus and A. flavus fungal strains were used for the current study.

Antibacterial Assay

Standard procedure for antibacterial screening was adopted using Nutrient agar medium. Experiment was done in duplicate and mean of both the screenings were considered as results [2, 22-31].

Antifungal Assay

Standard procedure for antifungal screening was adopted using Potato dextrose agar medium. Experiment was done in duplicate and mean of both the screenings were considered as results [2, 22-31]. For each bacterial and fungal strains, individual positive control plates were also kept under study. Negative control for nutrient agar medium & potato dextrose agar medium were also kept under observation.

Results & Discussion


Table 1: Antibacterial Screening of Dry Distilled Extract, RNDS of Cocos nucifera Endocarp.

see Illustration 1

Table 2: Antifungal Screening of Dry Distilled Extract, RNDS of Cocos nucifera Endocarp.

See Illustration 2

Dry distilled extract, RNDS, of the Cocos nucifera L. endocarp(hard shell)was prepared. It is oily in nature of density 1.079 gm/ml. Nutrient agar medium and the present environmental conditions duly supported the growth of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis and S. aureus. Similarly, Potato dextrose agar medium & present environmental conditions duly supported growth of A. oryzae, C. albicans, R. oligosporus and A. flavus. Negative controls had also provided us the worth output, favoring our mediums for the respective screening assays.

Previously, It has been evaluated for the antimicrobial activity using the clinical strains like MRSA, MSSA, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, K. pneumonia, A. bauminii, C. Freundii, S. pyogens & C. albicans. Results revealed that RNDS had no growth inhibitory activity against these clinical strains[2]. But, we can observe here from Table 1, that RNDS is potential growth inhibitor for standard strains of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. Aureus, B. subtilis even at concentration of 200 µg/ml, out of all RNDS is highly significant inhibitor of B. subitlis, providing a clear zone of 26 mm at concentration 1000 µg/ml. Except R. oligosporus, RNDS is potentially good against all the fungal strains(Table 2). RNDS was found to be exceptionally good against Aspergillus species. Further exploration by isolating bioactive phytoconstituents from RNDS can be done.

Acknowledgement


Authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal University for providing us the necessary facilities to execute this research project.Author Rajeev K Singla is grateful to Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India for providing young scientist fellowship(SR/FT/LS-149/2011).

References


1. Singla RK. Review on the pharmacological properties of Cocos Nucifera Endocarp. WebmedCentral PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2012;3(5):WMC003413.
2. Singla R K, Jaiswal N, Bhat V G & Jagani H, Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cocos nucifera Linn. (Arecaceae) endocarp extracts, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 354-361.
3. Narwal S, Rana A C, Tiwari V, Gangwani S & Sharma R, Review on Chemical & Pharmacological Action of Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 287-293.
4. Khan T H & Sultana S, Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Soy Isoflavones Against CCl4 induced Oxidative Stress and Early Tumor Events, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 39-56.
5. Barua C C, Talukdar A, Begum S A, Handique A K, Handique G K, Roy J D &  Buragohain B, Impact of Achyranthes aspera L. on protein Profile in Impaired Wound Models, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 13-24.
6. Sofowora A, Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine. In: Africa, John Willey & Sons Ltd. New York, 1982, pp. 6.
7. Biswas T K, Maity L N & Mukherjee B, Wound healing potential of Pterocarpus santalinus Linn: a pharmacological evaluation, Int. J. Low Ext. Wounds. 3(2004) 143–150.
8. Yadav V, Jayalakshmi S, Singla RK, Patra A & Khan S, Assessment of Anti-inflammatory & Analgesic Activities of Callicarpa Macrophylla Vahl. Roots Extracts, WebmedCentral PHARMACOLOGY, 3(2012) WMC003366.
9. Maiti P P, Dubey S & Saha P, Study of various poisoning: A Review, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 304-314.
10. Bankar G R, Nayak P G, Bansal P, Paul P, Pai K S, Singla R K & Bhat V G, Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effect of Cocos nucifera Linn. Endocarp on isolated rat thoracic aorta and DOCA salt-induced hypertensive rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2011) 50-4.
11. Singla R K & Bhat V G, Crocin: An Overview, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 281-286.
12. Jayalakshmi S, Mishra A, Mishra A, Singla R K & Ghosh  A K, In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of five drugs of Trinpanchmool, Pharmacologyonline, 2(2011) 1153-1159.
13. Phogat D & Singla R K, Curcumin: A Phytoconstituent of Choice, Pharmacologyonline, 2(2011) 1055-1071.
14. Hooda V, Sharma G N & Singla R K, Smilax Zeylanica Linn. – A Natural Therapeutic Hub, Pharmacologyonline, 2(2011) 151-154.
15. Jayalakshmi S, Ghosh A K, Shrivastava B & Singla R K, Preliminary Investigation of Antipyretic Activity of Trinpanchmool Extracts, International Journal of Phytomedicine, 3(2011) 147-150.
16. Yadav V, Jayalakshmi S, Singla R K & Patra A, Preliminary Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Leaves Extracts, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 219-222.
17. Fazal S S & Singla R K, Review on the Pharmacognostical & Pharmacological Characterization of Apium graveolens Linn¸Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2012) 36-42.
18. Yadav V, Jayalaksmi S, Singla R K & Patra A, Ex vivo Screening of Stem Extracts of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. for Antifungal Activity, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2012) 103-107.
19. Chaudhary K, Aggarwal B & Singla R K, Ichnocarpus frutescens: A Medicinal Plant with Broad Spectrum, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2012) 63-69.
20. Yadav V, Jayalakshmi S, Patra A & Singla R K, Investigation of Analgesic & Anti-pyretic Potentials of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Leaves Extracts, WebmedCentral: International Journal of Medicine & Molecular Medicine, 3(2012) WMC003447.
21.  Aggarwal B, Ali M, Singh V & Singla R K, Isolation & Characterization of Phytoconstituents from the Stems of Ichnocarpus frutescens, Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 8(2010) 401-404.     
22. Singla R K, Kumar A, Khan S, Shrivastava R, Bhat V G & Jagani H, Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of 3-(4-1H-Indol-3-yl)-(2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[b]diazepin-2-yl)- 2H-chromen-2-one, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 127-133.
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24. Reddy V B, Singla R K, Bhat V G & Shenoy G G, Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of some novel benzimidazole derivatives, Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry, 2(2009) 162-167.
25. Pandya K, Solanki B, Shah B, Parekh D, Soni H, Maniar K, Gurav N & Patel P, Phyto-chemical screening & evaluation of antibacterial activity of polyherbal formulation,  Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 206-218.
26. Sharma O P, Shrivastava B, Singla R K & Bhat VG, Synthesis & antimicrobial activity of some novel pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2011) 252-257.
27. Mudgal M M, Singla R K, Bhat V G & Shenoy G G, Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-B][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives, Pharmacologyonline Newsletter,  2(2009) 188-193.
28. Sharma O P, Singla R K, Shrivastava B, Bhat V G, Shenoy G G, Jayashree B S & Sreenivasan K K, Synthesis, spectral characterization & antimicrobial evaluation of some novel pyrimidine-2,4(1H, 3H)-diones, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,  2(2012) 70-75.
29. Jawaharmal, Lamba H S, Narwal S, Singh G, Saini D R, Kaur A & Narwal S, Synthesis of novel imidazole compounds and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2012) 147-156.
30. Gupta R, Gupta A K, Singla R K & Aiswarya G, Preliminary investigation of antimicrobial property of acacia leucophloea leaves extract, International Journal of Phytomedicine, 3(2011) 308-311.
31. Yadav V, Jayalakshmi S, Singla R K, Patra A, Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Stem Extracts, WebmedCentral Ayurvedic Medicine, 3(2012) WMC003651.

Source(s) of Funding


Authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal University for providing us the necessary facilities to execute this research project. Author Rajeev K Singla is grateful to Department of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India for providing young scientist fellowship(SR/FT/LS-149/2011).

Competing Interests


Authors declares no competing interests.

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5 reviews posted so far

Dear Dr. Swaminathan, Greetings from WebmedCentral. First of all, I would like to thank you for sparing time from your schedule to review our work. Sir, I wish to inform you that we had taken endoca... View more
Responded by Mr. Rajeev K Singla on 29 Aug 2012 06:49:10 AM GMT

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