Case Report
 

By Dr. Atanu K Dutta , Dr. Sharmishtha Saha , Dr. Subhramay Chatterjee , Dr. Saumik Datta
Corresponding Author Dr. Atanu K Dutta
Department of Biochemistry, IPGMER, Kolkata, 244, AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-20 - India 700020
Submitting Author Dr. Atanu K Dutta
Other Authors Dr. Sharmishtha Saha
Department of Biochemistry, IPGMER & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata , - India

Dr. Subhramay Chatterjee
Department of Biochemistry, IPGMER & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, - India

Dr. Saumik Datta
Department of General Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata. , - India

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Maturity onset diabetes of the young type 5, HNF 1beta Abbreviations: USG-ultrasonography, Alkaline phosphatase, Mullerian agenesis, ALP-Alkaline phosphatase, AST-Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT-alanine aminotransferase, PNPP-paranitrophenyl phosphate, MODY 5-maturity onset diabetes of the young type 5, HNF 1beta-hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta, TCF 2-transcription factor 2, WHO - world health organization

Dutta AK, Saha S, Chatterjee S, Datta S. A Dilemma in Diabetes. WebmedCentral ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012;3(2):WMC003007
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2012.003007

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
No
Submitted on: 13 Feb 2012 02:43:07 PM GMT
Published on: 14 Feb 2012 10:30:59 AM GMT

Abstract


A 20 years old girl was suffering from of primary amenorrhoea, polyuria, polydipsia andpolyphagia. On investigation patient was found to have congenital absence of uterus, posterior subcapsular cataract transaminitis, very high serum ALP level, diabetes mellitus and strong family history of diabetes mellitus with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The raised serum ALP was found to be hepatic in origin though the patient did not have any complaints or physical stigmata of liver disease both in examination and in Radiology. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of Maturity Onset
Diabetes of the Young type 5.

Case Report


A 20 years girl from Southern West Bengal was admitted to the inpatient services of Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, IPGMER & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, with complaints of primary amenorrhoea, polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia. General physical examination of the patient was unremarkable except for short stature. There was no history of any other serious illness prior to present admission except for a birth weight of 1.8 kilograms.
On laboratory examination (table-1), patient was found to have very high fasting blood sugar, mild transaminitis and very high serum ALP level. USG abdomen revealed normal hepatic echotexture, normal intra hepatic billiary radicals and absence of uterus. Kidneys were normal in size, shape and echotexture. No other anatomical abnormality was detected. Opthalmoscopic examination revealed posterior subcapsular cataract. As the patient was already on injectable Insulin treatment endogenous Insulin was not measured. The patient could not afford autoantibody panel for type 1 diabetes mellitus. In view of absence of liver specific signs and symptoms and negative sonographic findings an attempt was made to find out the exact source of high ALP level in serum by heat inactivation analysis according to a previously described method [1]. 0.5 mL serum was incubated at 560 C for 10 minutes in Thermomixer (Eppendorf, Germany). Serum ALP level was measured before and after incubation in DaytonaTM Random Access Autoanalyzer (Randox) by PNPP kinetic method (Coral Clinical Systems). ALP level was found to be 2010 U/L and 820 U/L before and after incubation. Hence the residual enzyme activity of 40.8% pointed towards hepatic origin. This was surprising given the absence of any cholestatic signs or symptoms and normal ultrasound of liver and billiary tree. An attempt was made to give a unifying diagnosis using Occam's razor (law of parsimony). From a literature search it was apparent that Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young type 5 was needed to be considered seriously since this condition had the features of Diabetes, mullerian anomaly and elevated liver enzymes. Though the patients parents did not give history of high blood sugar in any of their relatives fasting and postprandial blood sugar was measured which showed her mother was also suffering from Diabetes Mellitus (fasting blood sugar – 176 mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar – 256 mg/dL). Moreover the patient’s maternal grandfather died of renal failure which could be stigmata of Diabetes Mellitus. Hence a history of Diabetes Mellitus in threegenerations with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and trend towards of earlier age of onset (figure–1) could be elicited. Based on the positive family history, radiology and biochemical findings a working diagnosis of MODY 5 was made. The definitive diagnosis required PCR amplification and sequencing of HNF 1β gene, but the family could not bear the expenses. A decision was made against a liver biopsy as it was unlikely to change the line of management in the index patient.

Discussions and Conclusion


Maturity onset diabetes of the young type 5, first described in 1997 [2,3] is associated with mutation in HNF 1β (TCF 2) gene. HNF 1β is a transcription factor which regulates the development of several organ systems including genitor-urinary system and liver. There are around 40 published cases of MODY 5 most of which are due to novel mutations [4,5].
Interestingly only one case of MODY 5 associated with mullerian agenesis has been reported [4]. The patient had 75 bp deletion in exon 2 (409-483del). Though our index patient did not have biochemical or sonological features suggestive of renal involvement, renal involvement cannot be ruled out since most consistent feature in MODY 5 is interstitial fibrosis [4] which is apparent only on biopsy. Moreover 7.1% of the published cases of MODY 5 did not have apparent renal involvement [5]. Around 15.26% of published cases had asymptomatic liver enzyme elevation, though Alkaline phosphatise was elevated in only 4.3% of the cases[5].
HNF 1β is thought to regulate expression of liver enzymes on hepatocyte membrane [6]. India is aptly called the Diabetes capital of world with whooping 299.1 million diabetics by 2025 according to WHO estimates. Although no data is available regarding the prevalence of monogenic forms of Diabetes in India, it is likely to represent a sizeable chunk of patients. Hence this case highlights the need to screen all family members of patients with early onset
of Diabetes.

References


1. Moss DW, Whitby LG. A simplified heat-inactivation method for investigating alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum. Clin Chim Acta. 1975;61:63-71.
2. Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Furuta H, Hinokio Y, Cockburn BN et al. Mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta gene (TCF2) associated with MODY. Nat Genet.
1997;17:384-5.
3. Lindner TH, Njolstad PR, Horikawa Y, Bostad L, Bell GI, Sovik O. A novel syndrome of diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction and genital malformation associated with a partial deletion of the pseudo-POU domain of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta. Hum Mol Genet. 1999;8:2001-8.
4. Faguer S, Decramer S, Chassaing N, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Calvas P, Beaufils S et al. Diagnosis, management, and prognosis of HNF1B nephropathy in adulthood. Kidney Int. 2011. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.225.
5. Chen YZ, Gao Q, Zhao XZ, Chen YZ, Bennett CL, Xiong XS et al. Systematic review of TCF2 anomalies in renal cysts and diabetes syndrome/maturity onset diabetes of the young type 5. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010;123:3326-33.
6. Bala V, Anania FA. Increased Liver Enzyme Levels and HNF-1ß Gene Mutation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 6(12): A26.

Source(s) of Funding


none

Competing Interests


none

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